Otitis media, mastoiditis or the pressure effect of tumorous lesions such as cholesteatoma can be the cause of facial canal dehiscence and facial nerve paralysis. The most common segment involved in dehiscence is the tympanic segment and the second most common is the lateral aspect of the facial canal in the oval window area. To determine the prevalence of the facial canal dehiscence and the relationship between the angle at the second genu of the facial nerve and facial canal dehiscence. We evaluated the surgical findings in 113 patients who underwent surgery for cholesteatoma. Facial canal dehiscence was detected in 62 of the 113 patients. Patients were divided into two groups: Group 1, with dehiscence of the facial canal and Group 2, without dehiscence of the facial canal. The mean angles at the second genu of the facial nerve in Groups 1 and 2 were 117.8◦ ± 9.63◦ and 114◦ ± 9.9◦, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean angles at the second genu for the two groups (p = 0.04).In patients with dehiscence of the facial canal, the angle at the second genu was found to be wider than those without dehiscence

Hodgkin lymphoma is a malignant proliferation of lymphatic system which when advanced can involve the bone marrow. It is usually indolent and responds to chemotherapy. However the prediction of rapidly progressive disease is often dependent on lot of clinicopathological parameters. Serum ferritin may act as a marker for disease activity in these patients. But the prior studies have failed to establish its role or group the patients into prognostic categories. To study the status of serum ferritin at time of admission and after completion of chemotherapy and also iron overload induced organ involvement in the form of hepatic, cardiovascular and thyroid dysfunction in nine patients admitted in our ward with Hodgkin lymphoma and receiving treatment in the form of chemotherapy. A spectrum of clinicopathological variables were tested at baseline and after treatment liver function test, thyroid function test, 2D echocardiography, Ultrasound abdomen, PET scan and serum ferritin level. Serum ferritin at baseline statistically correlated with disease activity however the final ferritin values reduced to significant values in patient that underwent remission, and hence grouping of patients based on serum ferritin values can serve as better outcome predictors. Although transfusion requirement was very rare in the patients the levels of serum ferritin correlated with disease activity. Serum ferritin level may act as a predictor of disease activity and remission.

As you know, cardiovascular diseases are a common cause of death and disability, among them a special place is occupied by stroke. To determine the quantitative parameters of blood flow of the main brain vessels in patients with left hemispheric ischemic stroke (HIS). Transcranial dopplerography (TD) of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and middle cerebral vein (MCV), the Rosenthal’s vein, the Galena’s vein and Straight sinus (SS) was performed in 89 patients with HIS. The comparative group (CG) was organized from 52 patients without cardiovascular diseases. The maximum systolic velocity (Vs), the end diastolic velocity (Vd), the resistance index (RI) in MCA, and the Vs of the main brain veins were determined. Sistolic blood flow velocity in the mid-cerebral artery in 85.4% of patients was below 70 cm/s and averaged, 54.9 ± 7.1 cm/s. In 9.2% of cases, the size of the affected area in the left hemisphere did not exceed 1 cm according to the results of tomography, and in 90.8% of cases it ranged from 1 cm to 2 cm According to the results of TD, MSA stenosis was detected in 78 (87.6%) cases, which was confirmed by MRI angiography. Among the patient with the Hemispheric ischemic stroke the Rosenthal’s vena was visualized in 81 (91,0%) cases, the Galen’s vena – in 83 (93,3%) cases, the median cerebral vein (MCV) - in 75 (84,3%) and the Straight sinus - in 79 (88,9%) cases, respectively. In a patients of the comparative group, visualization of this veins was successful in 42 (80.8%), 47 (90.4%), 31 (59.6%) and 32 (61.5%) cases, respectively. In a patients with HIS, all the main cerebral veins were visualized significantly (P <0.05 and P <0.001) more often than in the CG (with the exception of the Galen vein). In a patient with HIS Vs in the deep median cerebral vein was 25.3+3.6 cm/s; in the basal vein of the brain -24.9+2.6 cm/s; in the large vein of the brain -26.3+2.1 cm/s; in the direct sinus, 32.1 ± 2.6 cm/s, respectively. Stenosis of the middle cerebral artery, a decrease in systolic blood flow velocity less than 70 cm/s, an increase in resistance index more than 0.70 and in the pulsation index more than 1.35 is a frequent finding in ischemic stroke. The correspondence between the severity of the stroke and the value of the systolic blood flow velocity in the cerebral veins was revealed. Good visualization of the main cerebral veins is due to the increase in blood flow velocity in them

Astrocytes comprise the major non-neuronal cell population in the mammalian neurovascular unit. Traditionally, astrocytes are known to play broad roles in central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, including the management of extracellular ion balance and pH, regulation of neurotransmission, and control of cerebral blood flow and metabolism. After CNS injury, cell–cell signaling between neuronal, glial, and vascular cells contribute to repair and recovery in the neurovascular unit. In this mini-review, we propose the idea that astrocytes play a central role in organizing these signals. During CNS recovery, reactive astrocytes communicate with almost all CNS cells and peripheral progenitors, resulting in the promotion of neurogenesis and angiogenesis, regulation of inflammatory response, and modulation of stem/progenitor response. Reciprocally, changes in neurons and vascular components of the remodeling brain should also influence astrocyte signaling. Therefore, understanding the complex and interdependent signaling pathways of reactive astrocytes after CNS injury may reveal fundamental mechanisms and targets for re-integrating the neurovascular unit and augmenting brain recovery.

Health utilities summarize a patient’s overall health status. This study estimated utilities based on the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core-30 (QLQ-C30), a widely used measure of health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) in oncology, using published mapping algorithms. Data were from the Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) in Lung Cancer Trial of brigatinib (ALTA; NCT02094573), an open-label, international, phase 2 study. ALTA evaluated the efficacy and safety of two randomized dosing regimens of brigatinib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic ALKþ non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that had progressed on prior therapy with crizotinib. QLQ-C30 scores were mapped to European Quality-of-Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) utility scores using two published algorithms (Khan et al. for EQ-5D-5L; Longworth et al. for EQ-5D-3L). The impact of brigatinib treatment on health utilities over time was assessed. The analysis included 208 subjects. Mean baseline utility scores for both algorithms ranged between 0.60 0.71 and increased to 0.78 by cycle 5. Utility improvements were sustained during most of the treatment, before disease progression. Minor variations were observed between utility scores; Khan et al. estimates were approximately 0.01 or 0.02 points lower than Longworth et al. estimates. Algorithms considered were limited to those available in the published literature at the time of the study. This utility analysis was exploratory, and the ALTA trial did not include an internal control group (i.e. standard of care) and was not powered to detect differences in QoL/utility outcomes between treatment arms. Converting QLQ-C30 scores into utilities in trials using established mapping algorithms can improve evaluation of medicines from the patient perspective. Both algorithms suggested that brigatinib improved health utility in crizotinib-refractory ALK þ NSCLC patients, and improvements were maintained during most of the treatment.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease of primarily premature infants that results from an imbalance between lung injury and repair in the developing lung. BPD is the most common respiratory morbidity in preterm infants, which affects nearly 10, 000 neonates each year in the United States. Over the last two decades, the incidence of BPD has largely been unchanged; however, the pathophysiology has changed with the substantial improvement in the respiratory management of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. Here we have attempted to comprehensively review and summarize the current literature on the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of BPD. Our goal is to provide insight to help further progress in preventing and managing severe BPD in the ELBW infants.

The organization of the Enteric Nervous System (ENS) was studied in the human colon. Fragments of the whole colonic wall were either routinely processed or Zinc-Iodide Osmium impregnated. Single-layer preparations were also obtained from some of the Zinc-Iodide Osmium-impregnated specimens. The results showed some differences in the organization of human colonic ENS from that of other mammals. In fact, the human submucous plexus was made up of three interconnected ganglionated networks arranged along three different planes. With respect to the myenteric plexus, its ganglia were large sized and irregularly shaped. Moreover, during the microdissection of the colonic wall, we found the absence of a cleavage plane between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers; on the other hand the cleavage plane between mucosa and submucosa was not immediately below the muscularis mucosae, but slightly deeper, since the innermost part of the submucosa remained adhering to overlying layers.

This article highlights the issues of studying the psychosocial rehabilitation of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, provides findings of evidence-based medicine point of view on the need and appropriateness of the use of rehabilitation measures and the provision of psychosocial assistance to this category of patients. The study involved 38 patients of the main group with post-traumatic stress disorder (F43.1) in accordance with ICD-10 and 19 patients from the control group with a similar diagnosis, but without participation in psychosocial rehabilitation activities. Based on a detailed study and statistical analysis of patients' complaints, a general "bank" of the identified problems of psychosocial functioning in various spheres of activity was formed, the most important directions in the rehabilitation process were detected. Comparison of the main and control group results testifies in favor of the effectiveness of the developed complex system for the rehabilitation of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as evidenced by the significant predominance of the recovery rate and the absence of patients with mental deterioration in the main group. The results of the study carried out according to clinical and psych diagnostic indicators show the effectiveness of the developed complex system for the rehabilitation of patients with PTSD. The research work proves that the goal of rehabilitation work in patients with PTSD is achievable only when the activity of the pathological process, the mental state of the patient, his personality, features of the immediate social environment and individual standard of living are sufficiently taken into account.

Excessive body weight and obesity in childhood and adolescence are becoming more and more important unfavorable factors that entail extremely adverse consequences and require close attention of physicians of any specialty. Along with the high prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in pediatric patients, children and adolescents in the majority of countries are diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency. Among the non-calcaemic effects of vitamin D, a significant role is played by its impact on the hormonal regulation of glucose metabolism and the synthesis of adipokines by fat tissue. The review presents literature data indicative of a close pathogenic relationship between vitamin D insufficiency and impaired tissue insulin sensitivity. It demonstrates the role of vitamin D insufficiency in immune reactions resulting in development of subclinical inflammation in fat tissue infiltrated with macrophages and lymphocytes. It also shows the role of adipokines, immune system cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by them in the pathogenesis of obesity, as well as the function of vitamin D as an endocrine and paracrine regulator of the process of inflammation in adipose tissue. The relationships between the principal adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, resistin) are revealed in the presence of normal vitamin D content and in vitamin D deficiency. The carbohydrate and lipid metabolism parameters in overweight children and adolescents with vitamin D insufficiency are analyzed. A high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in overweight and obese children and adolescents (increasing along with the severity of obesity) is demonstrated. The review also presents the current recommendations for the correction of vitamin D insufficiency and underlines the need for higher cholecalciferol doses to achieve serum calcifediol targets in overweight and obese children and adolescents.

This investigation reports the mineralogy and possible pathological significance of urinary stones removed from patients in Fars province, Iran. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and polarizing microscope (PM) techniques were used to investigate the mineralogical compositions of urinary stones. The identified mineral components include whewellite, weddellite, hydroxyapatite, uricite and cystine. These techniques revealed that the whewellite and uricite were the most common mineral phases. Platy-like/monoclinic whewellite, prismatic/monoclinic uric acid and hexagonal cystine crystals were revealed by SEM. Biominerals (calcium carbonate) and quartz were also identified in PM images. Of the variables determining the type of precipitated minerals, the effects of pH on depositional conditions proved to be the most apparent parameter, as shown by occurrences and relationships among the studied minerals. Our results revealed the importance of detailed knowledge of mineralogical composition in assessing the effects of age and sex. The highest incidence of urinary stones was observed in the 40–60 age group. Calcium oxalate and uric acid stones are more frequent in men than women. Finally, the study concluded that knowledge of the mineralogical composition of urinary stones is important as it helps the scientific community to explain the chemistry and the etiology of the calculi in the urinary system.